serpeggerà Often, the other between a speech during the conference organized by Mantova Comics & Games , the term Graphic Novel .
undisputed theme of the 2008 was, in fact, powerfully proposed last year too, during the events related to the "women's literature " thanks to the work of the authors cui storie a fumetti non possono che essere considerata vera e propria letteratura, pensiamo ad esempio a Persepolis di Marjane Satrapi . Lo stesso J. G. Jones , ospite della quinta edizione della convention, è entrato di diritto nell’olimpo a fumetti grazie a Wanted , graphic novel di ultima generazione. Il successo dei film tratti da capolavori come Sin City e 300 di Frank Miller e Watchmen e V for Vendetta di Alan Moore , hanno fatto sì che tale espressione sia diventata sempre più utilizzata e conosciuta.
Ma che cos’è una graphic novel?
Meanwhile, it should be noted that this term originated in America in relation to the characteristics of American comics. Indeed, it was Will Eisner to use for the first time that phrase to describe his A Contract with God and other tenement stories , just to differentiate it, in an explicit and clear, the size and consistency of comic books normally produced for the U.S. market, monopolized, then, by an endless series of albums of superheroes and compelling stories, though generally small thickness.
Ma quali sono queste differenze?
Per capire dobbiamo esaminare qualche esempio e addentrarci ancora un po’ nel mondo del “romanzo disegnato”.
Come già detto la prima graphic novel della storia è stata Contratto con Dio di Eisner del 1978. Il grande Will, utilizzando un tratto maturo e di una crudezza quasi spietata, ben supportata dalla decisione di presentare la storia in bianco e nero, ci racconta di quattro storie ambientate nella New York degli anni trenta, in particolare nel Bronx. It speaks of an orthodox jew and his religious crisis, a street singer, a poor guardian of the summer holidays. Nothing sensational, just life, so that if a film is about reviving neorealism. Yet we are faced with the novelty of the newspaper comic strip, which displaces us, attracts us and shows us that even you can do with the balloon high literature.
An important milestone in the comic book, considered one of the graphic novel, is The Dark Knight Returns Frank Miller of the first graphic novel dedicated to a hero of the comics mainstream. Published for the first time as a miniseries in 1988, but designed to single author, the story tells of the adventures outside continuity, Batman now a senior and disillusioned. The stretch of Miller, and never jumped so schizoid, offers a very effective cross-section of the Bat, under order in a chaotic world, making him face his biggest enemy has always embodiment of the two main themes in the regular series, the Duefacce noir and Gothic Joker. Batman kills, maims, is even more uncompromising and extreme, as to be almost a villain down the field against other villains. In short, this work shows us a hero diametrically opposed to the easy-going smile and that some of the 70 comics and television series with Adam West there told. This Batman can not and should not be a comic book for children.
Another very interesting graphic novel Maus is : A Survivor's Tale of Art Spiegelman 1989. This book recounts, using mice and cats Nazi Jews, the tragedy of the Holocaust, based on the tales of the author's father, a survivor Auschwitz. The theme dramatic and sublime, clashing with the choice of using features characters from the animals, as in the Disney cartoons, produces an estrangement in the reader, emphasizing the brutality of the history of the twentieth century and somehow making justice to the subject.
So let us pull the strings and compare the findings from the analysis of the examples, though not enough to cover the wonders that the market for comics has proposed since 1978, with the literal meaning of the term.
The literal translation, or nearly so, is "designed novel", so that the purists argue should be flexed to the males. From this data, il significato, difficilmente confutabile, e aggiungendo quanto emerso dagli esempi, possiamo trovare le caratteristiche necessarie e sufficienti affinché un fumetto possa essere definito graphic novel senza fallo alcuno: l’unità narrativa, in altre parole la storia in essa raccontata deve essere completa e autosufficiente, e la tematica matura, infatti il pubblico a cui è destinata, in generale, sarà maggiormente consapevole.
Insomma chi sceglie di leggere una graphic novel vuole passare dalla paraletteratura, termine con cui si identificano generalmente i feuilleton e i romanzi di genere, alla letteratura vera e propria, dalle storie per ragazzi a quelle per adulti.
said this should be clarified that when it comes to the narrative drive is done in the sense of the ideal conception of the author. Many graphic novels in fact, cited by The Dark Knight Returns and Maus in Sin City before being collected in one volume were pre-published and serialized in magazines "guests." The fact that they had been conceived as a work unit from the outset, however, permits that may be described as "Novel".
Today, the term graphic novel has exceeded the Atlantic and has been associated with opere europee, come ad esempio Una Ballata del mare salato di Hugo Pratt . Lo stesso artista italiano definiva le sue opere letteratura disegnata , per cui, possiamo dire, l’accostamento non stride, anche se il mercato europeo, da sempre meno mainstream di quello americano, non presenta una dicotomia così evidente tra le varie espressioni, colte e popolari, della nona arte.
Ma proprio a causa della condizione del fumetto europeo, in cui le differenze tra fumetti per adulti e per ragazzi, tra fumetti accessibili e cerebrali è sfumata, ha fatto si che in Italia fosse usata, ultimamente in modo fin troppo ricorrente, a sproposito, as if it were simply a synonym for "attractive" and "fashionable" comic strip. In view of the above we can limit the comics that can really be considered graphic novels and we can orient ourselves in a more conscious and corrected, thus avoiding to commit gross errors.
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